Bibliografía

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6.       Alboni P, Brignole M, Menozzi C, et al. Clinical spectrum of neurally-mediated reflex syncopes. Europace 2004; 6: 55-62.

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8.       Brignole M, Gianfranchi L, Menozzi C, et al. Role of autonomic reflexes in syncope associated with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 1123-9.

9.       Alboni P, Menozzi C, Brignole M, et al. An abnormal neural reflex plays a role in causing syncope in sinus bradycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 1130-4.

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12.    Del Rosso A, Bartoli P, Bartoletti A, et al. Shortened headup tilt testing potentiated with sublingual nitroglycerin in patients with unexplained syncope. Am Heart J 1998; 135: 564-70.

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14.    Del Rosso A, Bartoletti A, Bartoli P, et al. Methodology of head-up tilt testing potentiated with sublingual nitroglycerin in unexplained syncope. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85: 1007-11.

15.    Bartoletti A, Alboni P, Ammiratti F et al. “The italian protocol”: a simplified head-up tilt testing potentiated with oral nytroglicerin to assess patients with unexplained syncope. Europace 2000; 2: 339-342.

16.    Aerts A, Dendale P, Strobel G, Block P. Sublingual nitrates during head-up tilt testing for the diagnosis of vasovagal syncope. Am Heart J 1997; 133: 504-7

17.    Pellizzón OA, Sucari Lipa E, Gonzalo B y col. Síncope vasovagal. Utilidad de una prueba de basculación abreviada y potenciada con dosis mínimas de dinitrato de isosorbide sublingual e identificación de predictores clínicos y hemodinámicos de positividad. Rev Fed Arg Cardiol (en prensa).

18.    Raviele A, Giada F, Brignole M,  et al.  Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of sublingual nitroglycerin test and low-dose isoproterenol test in patients with unexplained syncope. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85: 1194-98.

19.    Ammiratti F, Colivicchi F, Biffi A, et al. Head-up tilt testing potentiated with low-dosis sublingual isosorbide dinitrate: A simplified time-saving approach for the evaluation of unexplained syncope. Am Heart J 1998; 135: 671-676.

20.    Hermosillo AG, Marquez MF, Jauregui-Renaud K, et al. Tilt testing in neurocardiogenic syncope: Isosorbide versus isoproterenol. Acta Cardiol 2000; 55: 351-355.

21.    Brignole M, Menozzi C, Del Rosso A, et al. New classification of haemodynamics of vasovagal syncope: beyond the VASIS classification. Analysis of the pre-syncopal phase of the tilt test without and with nitroglycerin challenge. Vasovagal Syncope International Study. Europace 2000; 2: 66-76.

22.    Moya A, Permanyer-Miralda G, Sagrista-Sauleda J, et al. Limitations of head-up tilt test for evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in patients with vasovagal syncope: results of a controlled study of etilefrine versus placebo. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 65-9.

23.    Morillo CA, Leitch JW, Yee R, Klein GJ. A placebo-controlled trial of intravenous and oral disopyramide for prevention of neurally mediated syncope induced by head-up tilt. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 1843-8.

24.    Raviele A, Brignole M, Sutton R, et al. Effect of etilefrine in preventing syncopal recurrence in patients with vasovagal syncope: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The Vasovagal Syncope International Study. Circulation 1999; 99: 1452-7.

25.    Moya A, Brignole M, Menozzi C, et al, for the International Study on Syncope of Uncertain Etiology (ISSUE) Investigators. Mechanism of syncope in patients with isolated syncope and in patients with tilt-positive syncope. Circulation 2001; 104: 1261-7.

26.    Flammang D, Church T, Waynberger M, Chassing A, Antiel M. Can adenosine 5’-triphosphate be used to select treatment in severe vasovagal syndrome? Circulation 1997; 96: 1201-8.

27.    Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Yee R, Takle-Newhouse T, Norris C. Use of an extended monitoring strategy in patients with problematic syncope. Reveal Investigators. Circulation 1999; 99: 406-10.

28.    Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Norris C, Yee R. The etiology of syncope in patients with negative tilt table and electrophysiological testing. Circulation 1995; 92: 1819-24.

29.    Nierop P, van Mechelen R, van Elsacker A, Luijten RH, Elhendy A. Heart rhythm during syncope and presyncope: results of implantable loop recorders. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000; 23 (Part 1): 1532-8.

30.    Brignole M, Moya A, Menozzi C, Garcia-Civera R, Sutton R. Proposed electrocardiographic classification of spontaneous syncope documented by an implantable loop recorder. Europace 2005; 7: 14-8. 

31.    Ector H, Reybrouck T, Heidbuchel H, Gewillig M, Van de Werf F. Tilt training: a new treatment for recurrent neurocardiogenic syncope or severe orthostatic intolerance. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998; 21 (Part 2): 193-6.

32.    Foglia-Manzillo G, Franco Giada F, Gaggioli G. Efficacy of tilt training in the treatment of neurally mediated syncope. A randomized study. Europace (2004) 6, 199e204.

33.    Brignole M, Croci F, Menozzi C, et al. Isometric arm counter-pressure maneuvers to abort impending vasovagal syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 2053-9.

34.    Madrid AH, Ortega J, Rebollo JG, et al. Lack of efficacy of atenolol for the prevention of neurally mediated syncope in a highly symptomatic population: a prospective, double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:554-9.

35.    Brignole M, Menozzi C, Gianfranchi L, Lolli G, Bottoni N, Oddone D. A controlled trial of acute and long-term medical therapy in tilt-induced neurally mediated syncope. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 339-42.

36.    Sheldon R, Rose S, Flanagan P, Koshman ML, Killam S. Effects of beta-blockers on the time to first syncope recurrence in patients after a positive isoproterenol tilt table test. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 536-9.

37.    Di Girolamo E, Di Iorio C, Sabatini P, Leonzio L, Barsotti A. Evaluation of the effects of diverse therapeutic treatments versus no treatment of patients with neurocardiogenic syncope. Cardiologia 1998; 43: 833-7.

38.    Flevari P, Livanis E, Theodorakis G, Zarvalis E, Mesiskli T, Kremastinos DT. Vasovagal syncope: a prospective, randomized, crossover evaluation of the effects of propranolol, nadolol and placebo on syncope recurrence and well-being. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 499-504.

39.    Ventura R, Maas R, Zeidler D, et al. A randomized and controlled pilot trial of beta-blockers for the treatment of recurrent syncope in patients with a positive or negative response to head-up tilt test. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002; 25816-21.

40.    Sutton R, Brignole M, Menozzi C, et al. Dual-chamber pacing in the treatment of neurally mediated tilt-positive cardioinhibitory syncope. Pacemaker versus no therapy: a multicenter randomized study. The Vasovagal Syncope International Study (VASIS) Investigators. Circulation 2000; 102: 294-9.

41.    Connolly SJ, Sheldon R, Roberts RS, Gent M. The North American Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS): a randomized trial of permanent cardiac pacing for the prevention of vasovagal syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 16-20.

42.    Ammirati F, Colivicchi F, Santini M, for the Syncope Diagnosis and Treatment Study Investigators. Permanent cardiac pacing versus medical treatment for the prevention of recurrent vasovagal syncope: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Circulation 2001; 104: 52-7.

43.    Connolly SJ, Sheldon R, Thorpe KE, et al, for the VPS II Investigators. Pacemaker therapy for prevention of syncope in patients with recurrent severe vasovagal syncope. Second Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS II): a randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 2224-9.

44.    Raviele A, Giada F, Menozzi C, et al. A randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled study of permanent pacing for the treatment of recurrent tilt-induced vasovagal syncope. The vasovagal syncope and pacing trial (SYNPACE). Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 1741-8.

45.   Benditt DG, Van Dijk JG, Sutton R, et al. Syncope. Curr Probl Cardiol 2004; 29: 145-229.